萧寒浅析《葬花吟》译本
本帖最后由 巍巍 于 2012-8-8 22:33 编辑《葬花吟》的2个译本比较
文/萧寒
最早一次觉得自己能看完英译本是在07年吧,那时候有位老先生特别喜欢红楼,同时他也在看一些英文原著,我偶然有一次建议他看英译红楼,他欣然答应,不过我随意的一个建议,也成了自己读红的一个动力,为了这样的相约阅读,我只好紧赶慢赶,闲暇时就瞪着电子书一目十行,但是大约只读了二十个回合就宣告放弃,冠冕堂皇的理由是不及中文的舒畅,实际的理由就是一个字:懒。
假如说当年的压力非常大,因为那位老先生最后看完了120回,我有段时间不得不在线对其隐身,太惭愧了。那么现如今再端起英译本,心境又如何?坦诚地说,最初也是为交任务的。不过意外地发现自己越读越认真,甚至将相关的背景资料都看了一遍,又或许最近几年一直带孩子做英文亲子阅读,这番读英译本觉得特别喜欢。不过问题又来了:白驹过隙,而我两手空空。
切入正题吧,先说说《红楼梦》最著名的2个全译本:
第一个是The Story of theStone,由英国汉学家David Hawkes和其女婿John Minford所译(全书五册,Hawkes译前三册[前八十回],Minford续译后两册)。霍译本雅致,具有文学性和生动性,在西方读者中产生很大的影响。第二个是A Dream of Red Mansions,由我国学者杨宪益及其夫人戴乃迭(Gladys Yang)合译。杨译本准确,严谨,接近原著,在国内得到较高的认可。
关于两个译本的风格,前人已经有太多的研究和阐述,由于针对的“意向读者群”的不同,霍译本采用了归化翻译,采取目的语读者所习惯的目的语(即英语)的表达方式,来传达原文的意思。杨译本则采用了异化翻译,向作者靠拢,具有源语文化趋向。
这两个版本里对原文的诠释存在着差异,也已经有人论文叙之。我从第一回读下来,先讲前面的异同:
由于中文名字与英文名字顺序不同,而且还有各种字,号等,在翻译上肯定有难度,所以我特别注意这个问题。杨译本在序言里介绍作者名字,他是这样写的:”The auther of A Dream of Red Mansions is Cao Xueqin.His personal name was Zhan,and his style(name adopted by a man at his coming of age) Mengruan. He was alsoknown as Xueqin, Qinpu or Qinxi.”这样说明是非常合理的。序言里还给红楼梦这本书做了个概述:It is a tragedy of loveand marriage。接着开始介绍贾宝玉,提到了他的至理名言:“Girls aremade of water,men of mud. I feel clean and refreshed when I am with girls butfind men dirty and stinky.”这里用的是直译法,对中国读者来说,“女儿似水”,马上就会联想到她们的清纯、温柔、灵秀,而男子在宝玉看来不过是些“渣滓浊沫”而已。而在霍译本中,这句是在第二回正式出场的,风格类似。“Girls are made of water and boys are madeof mud. When I am with girls I feel fresh and clean, but when I am with boysI feel stupid and nasty.” 霍译本在第一回贾雨村出场时只给出了Jia Yucun字样,作者巧妙地避开了字啊,号啊这些问题,然后有个特西式的表达,甄士隐居然喊贾雨村“Dear Boy”。还有总述下,霍本翻译主子名字都是音译,丫头名字大半翻成英文单词。杨本则都是音译,更接近原文。
起了引子后,可以回到诗歌翻译这个主题来了。其实好多英文专业的学生已经写过关于诗歌翻译的论文,其他诗歌分析的比较多,从总体分析的文也比较多。《葬花吟》在前27回,所以我仔细看了,也把两个文本排版好对照了一下,有一些感触,与大家分享。也属于一家之言,请大家批评指正。
全诗由十三个四行诗组构成,从整体而言为七言诗,七字三顿如“花谢/ 花飞/ 飞满天”,这是该诗的常规。但也有变异,如第16 行的“却不道人去梁空巢也倾”和第39、40行的“天尽头,何处有香丘?”,这种在整齐划一的诗行中间突出两三个诗行的手法有助于感情的表达和传递。
从韵式上看,中国古诗一般都押单一韵,前八小节的押韵方式为aaxa,bbxb,ccxc 等等,后五小节押韵方式变化较多。杨译在服从原文思想内容的前提下,以格律诗译格律诗,每四行形成一个诗节,抑扬格五音步。在韵式上基本上采取隔行押韵,更贴近中文原诗,传达了原诗的音美。相比之下,霍克斯押aabb 的双行韵,更符合英诗习惯,考虑到了英美读者的接受,采取的是归化策略。个人认为,霍译本做成双行韵,难度更高一些。
本帖最后由 巍巍 于 2012-8-8 22:44 编辑
我们就两句两句来赏析,并进行细节对比:
花谢花飞花满天,红消香断有谁怜? 游丝软系飘春榭,落絮轻沾扑绣帘。
霍译本:The blossoms fade and falling fill the air,Of fragrance and bright hues bereft and bare.Floss drifts and flutters round the Maiden’s bower,Or softly strikes against her curtained door杨译本:As blossoms fade and fly acrossthe sky,
Who pities the faded red,the scent that has been?
Softly the gossamer floats over spring pavilions,
Gently the willow fluff wafts to the embroidered screen.
【萧寒】:在首句中杨本fly across thesky是直译,感觉像是花瓣划过天空,霍本falling fill the air似乎更有意境,像极了柳絮的轻飘。而第三句的“spring paviloins”要比Maiden’s bower要好。
闺中女儿惜春暮,愁绪满怀无释处、 手把花锄出绣闺,忍踏落花来复去。霍译本:TheMaid, grieved by these signs of spring’s decease,Seekingsome means her sorrow to express,Hasrake in hand into the garden gone,Before the fallen flowers are trampled on.杨译本:A girl in her chamber mourns thepassing of spring,
No relief from anxiety her poor heart knows;
Hoe in hand she steps through her potral,
Loath to treat on the blossom as she comes and goes,
【萧寒】:这里的“锄”无论翻译成rake还是hoe都不太恰当,这里也体现出中西文化的差异。我个人理解,hoe是农民在地里使用较多的,比如刘姥姥可能会用,黛玉用的如果和刘姥姥一样,大抵她是不肯的,因为她不喜欢刘姥姥,也受不了妙玉说她俗。rake这个词在西方家庭里也常用,用来耙土啊落叶啊啥的,但是跟锄头的形状不太像。霍本为了押韵,抛弃了对“出綉阁”的翻译,巧妙转化成:into thegarden gone,相应地也扔掉了“来复去”三字。杨本则更接近于原文。
柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞; 桃李明年能再发,明年闺中知有谁?霍译本:Elm-podsand willow-floss are fragrant too;Whycare, Maid, where the fallen flowers blew?Nextyear, when peach and plum-tree bloom again,Which of your sweet companions will remain?杨译本:Willows and elms, fresh andverdant,
Care not if peach and plum blossom drift away;
Next year the peach and plum will bloom again,
But her chamber may stand empty on that day.
【萧寒】:杨本直译peach and plum,“桃李”一词是很有典故的,比如《诗经》里就有“何彼襛矣,华如桃李”的句子。霍本用flowers替代,丢失了部分文化信息。不过霍本做成两个问句对称,在韵律美上更加到位。
三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子太无情! 明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾。
霍译本:Thisspring the heartless swallow built his nestBeneaththe eaves of mud with flowers compressed.Nextyear the flowers will blossom as before,But swallow, nest, and Maid will be no more.杨译本:By the third month the scentednests are built,
But the swallows on the beam are heartless all;
Next year,though once again you may peck the buds,
From the beam of an empty room your nest will fall.
【萧寒】:杨本将三月译成the third month而不译成March,是因为中国古代用的是农历,考虑十分周到。霍本改译成春天,比较自然。但是这句“人去梁空巢也倾”中文意境极美,翻成英文少了几丝回味,遗憾!
本帖最后由 巍巍 于 2012-8-8 22:48 编辑
一年三百六十日,风刀霜剑严相逼; 明媚鲜妍能几时,一朝漂泊难寻觅。
霍译本:Threehundred and three-score the year’s full tale:Fromswords of frost and from the slaughtering galeHowcan the lovely flowers long stay intact,Or, once loosed, from their drifting fatedraw back?杨译本:Each year for three hundred andsixty days,
The cutting wind and biting frost contend.
How long can beauty flower fresh and fair?
In a single day wind can whirl it to its end.
【萧寒】:一年三百六十日,应该是源自于唐寅的《一年歌》,霍克斯的Three hundred and three-score theyear’s full tale更有意思一些。fresh and fair,杨本这个头韵词用的极好。
花开易见落难寻,阶前闷杀葬花人, 独倚花锄泪暗洒,洒上空枝见血痕。
霍译本:Bloomingso steadfast, fallen so hard to find!Besidethe flowers’ grave, with sorrowing mind,Thesolitary Maid sheds many a tear,Which on the boughs as bloody drops appear.杨译本:Fallen,the brightest blooms arehard to find;
With aching heart their grave-digger comes now.
Alone,her hoe in hand,her secret tears,
Falling like drops of blood on each bare bough.
【萧寒】: 葬花人,杨本直译为grave-digger(掘墓人),其实不如霍本的The solitary Maid恰当。 “洒上空枝见血痕”,杨译为“Fallinglike drops of blood on each bare bough”,而霍译为“Which on the boughs as bloodydrops appear”。要想准确译出典故,首先必须弄清它所负载的意义。相传湘妃哭舜,泣血染竹枝成斑,所以黛玉号“潇湘妃子”。“falling”暗示了黛玉的血泪一滴一滴落在花枝上,不仅是对典故的说明,而且将女主人公“独把花锄偷洒泪”的伤感情态也生动表现出来了,更胜一筹。
杜鹃无语正黄昏,荷锄归去掩重门; 青灯照壁人初睡,冷雨敲窗被未温。
霍译本:Attwilight, when the cuckoo sings no more,TheMaiden with her rake goes in at doorAndlays her down between the lamplit walls,While a chill rain against the window falls.杨译本:Dusk falls and the cuckoo is silent;
Her hoe brought back,the lodge is locked and still;
A green lamp lights the wall as sleep enfolds her,
Gold rain pelts the casement and her quilt is chill.
【萧寒】:“杜鹃无语正黄昏”,这里应该是从望帝啼鹃那个典故化来的,杜鹃泣尽血泪之后,沉默无语。。杨译为“Dusk fall and the cuckoo is silent”,霍译为“At twilight,when thecuckoo signs no more”。杨译在准确理解典故的基础上使用了两个并列的主谓结构,生动表达了愁惨的黄昏正在降临,并且与下一句“Her hoe brought back,the lodge is locked and still”的结构相照应,富含诗的韵味。而霍译将“正黄昏”理解为“正在黄昏的时候”,译为“at twilight”表明并未很好理解典故的含义。可见,霍译固然流畅地道,但杨译异化的翻译策略更能准确传译出典故的含义来。
怪奴底事倍伤神?半为怜春半恼春。 怜春忽至恼忽去,至又无言去不闻。
霍译本:Iknow not why my heart’s so strangely sad,Halfgrieving for the spring and yet half glad:Gladthat it came, grieved it so soon was spent.So soft it came, so silently it went!杨译本:What causes my tow-fold anguish?
Love for spring and resentment of spring;
For suddenly it comes and suddenly goes,
Its arrival unheralded,noseless its departing.
【萧寒】:这段诗我更喜欢霍译本,对仗何其工整!第二句连用两个half,第四句连用两个so,而且也连用两对反义词,读起来非常有韵味。
昨宵庭外悲歌发,知是花魂与鸟魂? 花魂鸟魂总难留,鸟自无言花自羞; 愿奴胁下生双翼,随花飞到天尽头。 天尽头,何处有香丘?霍译本:Lastnight, outside, a mournful sound was heard:Thespirits of the flowers and of the bird.Butneither bird nor flowers would long delay,Birdlacking speech, and flowers too shy to stay.Andthen I wished that I had wings to flyAfterthe drifting flowers across the sky:Acrossthe sky to the world’s farthest end,The flowers’ last fragrant resting-place tofind.杨译本:Last night from the courtyardfloated a sad song-
Was it the soul of blossom,the soul of birds?
Hard to detain, the soul of blossom or birds,
For blossoms have no assurance,birds no word.
I long to take wing and fly
With the flowers to earth's uttermost bound;
And yet at earth's uttermost bound
Where can a fragrant burial mound be found?
【萧寒】:这段话在整首诗中应该是吟唱的高潮部分,所以对声韵的要求更高一些。霍本和杨本都注意到了这一点:用顶真译顶真。霍本重复译了“花魂鸟魂”,且双行韵也做得非常好。杨译将原诗中“随花飞到天尽头。天尽头,何处有香丘?”译为“With the flowers to earth's uttermost bound;And yetat earth's uttermost bound,Where can a fragrant burial mound be found?”既准确翻译了意思,又兼顾了声音效果,使用了“bound, mound,found”,读起来琅琅上口。这里说点题外话吧:诗的韵律统称Rhyme,这也是尾韵。三种最基本的押韵修辞格:1、Alliteration头韵。英文童谣很多都采用头韵。2、Assonance谐元韵。指的是一组单词里元音相同。3、Consonance谐辅韵。比如下面几组:Black,block; creak,crock; reader,rider;despise,dispose
未若锦囊收艳骨,一抔净土掩风流。 质本洁来还洁去,强于污淖陷渠沟。
霍译本:Butbetter their remains in silk to layAndbury underneath the wholesome clay,Puresubstances the pure earth to enrich,Than leave to soak and stink in some foulditch.杨译本:Better shroud the fair petals insilk
With clean earth for their outer attire;
For pure you came and pure shall go,
Not sinking into some foul ditch or mire.
【萧寒】:注意到一个非常有意思的现象,两位大师都把“锦囊”翻译成silk,但我觉得这个单词还真不能准确表达意思。落花应该收在丝绸袋子里,silk只表达了丝绸制品这样一个概念。还有一个相似是都连用两个pure,比较接近于原诗的艺术处理风格。“sink”这个动词用的比“leave”要好,更能突显“ 陷”的意思。
尔今死去侬收葬,未卜侬身何日丧? 侬今葬花人笑痴,他年葬侬知是谁?
霍译本:CanI, that these flowers’ obsequies attend,Divinehow soon or late my life willend?Letothers laugh flower-burial to see:Another year who will be burying me?杨译本:Now you are dead I come to buryyou;None has divined the day when Ishall die;
Men laugh at my folly in burying fallen flower,
But who will bury me when dead I lie?【萧寒】:译到这里,译者的悲怆之情都已经上来了。都是用问句的形式在表达。霍本连用2个问句,杨本是否定句加问句,情感都比肯定句要强烈。
试看春残花渐落,便是红颜老死时; 一朝春尽红颜老,花落人亡两不知!
霍译本:Aspetals drop and spring begins to fail,Thebloom of youth, too, sickens and turns pale.Oneday, when spring has gone and youth has fled.The Maiden and the flowers will both be dead.
杨译本:See,when spring draws to a close and flowers fall,
This is the season when beauty must ebb and fade;
The day that spring takes wing and beauty fades
Who will care for the fallen blossom or dead maid?
【萧寒】:第50 行中的“红颜”杨译为“beauty”,而霍译为“the bloom of youth”。“红颜”在汉语中指美貌的年轻女子,又有“自古红颜多薄命”的说法,这里林黛玉也是喻指自己。两种译法各有千秋。结语我更喜欢杨译本,更有力一些,也用“who will care for”把“知”字给体现了出来,问句结尾,悠扬而留下回味。
综合来说:两个译本各自针对于自己的读者群,翻译已经做的相当不错,个人细细揣摩每一句,只是在喜欢的基础上简单评论一番,个人言论,大家一笑而过吧。二〇一二年八月五日
抢个沙发,仔细体会一下。 红楼梦的翻译至今是个大难题 萧弟啊,这么高深的东西你都整出来了。你要不做学问可惜了了。 有才啊!!期待这两个翻译版本的pdf!不过也不知道自己能不能看下去 这么高深的东西都能翻译并解释,佩服!我要好好学习. 我看英文的看不懂,不过,有萧版的比对讲解,我愿意来了解。 看到全英文的我就头晕,很佩服巍版的才识和文字功底,闲时再认真来拜读下。 跟着萧大才女学习欣赏到两位大师的精彩译作,真是一种享受啊。
特别是萧老师的点评,对诗词的理解起到了很大的帮助,赞~~~ 翻译精彩,点评精辟,学习。 太精辟了,学习了 红楼梦一直没看进去过啊,有必要好好看看了 诗文的翻译,无论中译英,英译中 都觉得 。。。 还是去读原文吧!
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