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美国义务教育新标准CCSS:拼读 (2012-05-22 15:38:53)
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音形对应(Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences)
辅音(Consonants)
Phoneme /p/ /b/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ng/ /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /th/ /th/ /sh/ /zh/ /ch/ /j/ /l/ /r/ /y/ /w/ /wh/ /h/ |
Word Examples pit, spider, stop bit, brat, bubble mitt, comb, hymn tickle, mitt, sipped die, loved nice, knight, gnat cup, kite, duck, chorus,folk, quiet girl, Pittsburgh sing, bank fluff, sphere, tough, calf van, dove sit, pass, science, psychic zoo, jazz, nose, as, xylophone thin, breath, ether this, breathe, either shoe, mission, sure, charade, precious, notion, mission, special measure, azure cheap, future, etch judge, wage lamb, call, single reach, wrap, her, fur, stir you, use, feud, onion witch, queen where |
Common Graphemes (Spellings) for the Phoneme* p b m, mb, mn t, tt, ed d, ed n, kn, gn k, c, ck, ch, lk, q g, gh ng, n f, ff, gh, ph, lf v, ve s, ss, sc, ps z, zz, se, s, x th th sh, ss, s, ch, sc, ti, si, ci s, z ch, tch j, dge, ge l, ll, le r, wr, er/ur/ir y, (u, eu), i w, (q)u wh |
元音
Phoneme /ē/ /ĭ/ /ā/ /ĕ/ /ă/ /ī/ /ŏ/ /ŭ/ /aw/ /ō/ /oo/ /ū/ [oo] /y//ū/ /oi/ /ow/ er ar or |
Word Examples see, these, me, eat, key, happy, chief, either sit, gym make, rain, play, great, baby, eight, vein, they bed, breath cat time, pie, cry, right, rifle fox, swap, palm cup, cover, flood, tough saw, pause, call, water, bought vote, boat, toe, snow, open took, put, could moo, tube, blue, chew, suit, soup use, few, cute boil, boy out, cow her, fur, sir cart sport |
Common Graphemes (Spellings) for the Phoneme* ee, e_e, -e, ea, ey, -y, ie, ei i, y a_e, ai, ay, ea, -y, eigh, ei, ey e, ea a i_e, ie, -y, igh, -i o, wa, al u, o, oo, ou aw, au, all, wa, ough o_e, oa, oe, ow, o-, oo, u, ou oo, u_e, ue, ew, ui, ou u, ew, u_e oi, oy u, ow er, ur, ir ar or |
* 只列出了常见拼写。