本文转自Readfirst
英语语法原来这么简单
英语语法原来这么简单
有家长问：“我的孩子特别不喜欢英文，尤其讨厌学语法。有没有什么比较有意思的方法教孩子学语法呢？”还有一个家长问：“我的孩子已经11岁了，在北京的一所国际学校读书。但他是从国内学校转过去的。英文的基本功很差，他的英文文语错误很多，连标点符号都能出错。有没有关于英文语法和基本功的文章介绍？”
英国的学校比较重视学生英文表达的完整性，不但直接让孩子从原版的经典中学习英文，也特别重视英文表达的时态、用词和标点的准确性。无论是口语还是书面表达，语法的正确也是非常重要的。
但美国的学校，包括国内很多教授IB课程的学校，重视英文阅读，但是主要让孩子通过大量阅读去提高英文口语和写作的水平，老师大多不太q强调语法的学习。为了鼓励学生自由的表达，即使发现孩子的写作有很多语法的错误，老师一般也不会修改。这时候，如果学生走运，碰到老师和周围的同学英文表达很标准，他可能学会标准的英文。如果碰到的同学都是英语为第二语言的话,可能学到的是lazy English. 当然，我没有说这不好。只是如果你的孩子将来希望成为一个教授、律师、银行家、管理人员等等，那他就要给自己提更高的要求了。
公立的学校教英文的方法确实让学生对英文丧失兴趣，特别是教语法的方式。其实是有非常简单又明了的方式让甚至六岁的孩子都学会英文的文法。首先是大量的阅读，然后是一些非常有效的语法解释和练习。这里我将介绍帮助八岁以上孩子学习英文语法的有效的方法。
Grammar Is Great
The Partsof Speech
Every type of word in a sentencehas a name and these names known as the ‘parts of speech’. This poem gives youa handy reminder of each of them:
Every name is called a noun,
As field and fountain, street and town.
In place of noun the pronoun stands
As he and she can clap their hands.
The adjectivedescribes a thing,
As magic wand and bridal ring.
The verbmeans action, something done-
To read, to write, to jump, to run.
Howthings are done, the adverbs tell,
As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
The preposition shows relations,
As in the street, or at the station.
Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences,words, or phrase and phrase.
The interjection cries out,”Hark!”
Ineed an exclamation mark!”
Through poetry, we learn how each
Of these make up the parts of speech.
How about Nouns?
A noun is a name for a thing, aperson or a place.
Words such as‘bus’,’chair’,dragon’,’firework’,’Hosepipe’,’maggot’, ’Octopus’, ’teacher’ and‘tree’ are all noun.
Common Nouns
There are different types of nounand the easiest type to spot are called ‘common noun’. These are names forordinary things, such as a book, a box or a button. They are also names forless ordinary things, such as a platypus, an a steroid or and an earthquake,but they are all still common nouns. Remember, if you can put ‘the’, ‘a’ or‘an’ in front of a word, it is probably a common noun.
Grammar Extra
‘The’, ‘a’ and ‘an’ are shortword with long names in grammar. They are known as the ‘definite article’ (the)and the ‘indefinite article’ (a and an). If you say a man, you are talkingabout a particular man- a definite man.
Proper Nouns
Some nouns start with a capitalletter: these are called proper nouns. They name one specific thing, such as aparticular person or a particular country. Your name is a proper noun and so isthe name of the country in which you live. Here are some more examples ofproper nouns,followed by the matching common noun:
Proper Noun (Common Noun)
William (boy)
Potter (surname)
Norway (country)
Friday (day)
October (month)
Abstract Nouns
The word ‘abstract’ describessomething that is an idea rather than an object. Abstract nouns are words thatdescribe things, but nothings that actually exist as objects. You can’t seethem or hear them, and you can’t touch, smell or taste them either.
‘Excitement’,‘failure’,‘friendship’,’gengerosity’,’impatience’,’poverty’,’sleep’,’success’and‘virtue’ are all abstract nouns.
Collective Nouns
‘Collective nouns’ describegroups of people or things. For example, a class is a group of school children,an army is a group of soldiers,and a deck is a group of cards. ‘Audience’,‘Bunch’, ‘Collection’, ‘Family’,’Jury’, ‘Orchestra’, ’Parliament’ and ’team’are all collective nouns.
Put Pronouns In
‘Pronouns’ are words which areused as stand-ins for nouns.This means that you can use them instead of nounsto really liven up yourspeaking or writing. Try reading this:
Lucyspotted a sea monster: The seamonster had enormous horns and the sea monsterwas swimming straight towards lucy. Lucy couldn’t outswim the sea monster, orhypnotize the sea monster? The sea monster was getting nearer. The seamonster’s huge mouth opened in a roar.Help! The sea monster was going to eatLucy…Then Lucy woke up.
It’s abitrepetitive, isn’t it? Now see what happens when you put some pronouns in:
Lucyspotted a sea monster: It had enormous horns and it was swimming straighttowards her. She couldn’t outswim it. Could she tame it, or hypnotize it? Itwas getting nearer. Its huge mouth opened in a roar. Help! The sea monster wasgoing to eat her…Then Lucy woke up.
See how much snappier it is,thanks to a few pronouns? In the paragraph above, ’it’, ’she’ and ‘her’ are allpronouns.
What’s Mine Is Yours
The words listed below are called‘personal pronouns’. The words in the first column are that you can use as thesubject of a sentence.The pronouns in the second column can be used as theobject in a sentence. The third column contains ‘possessive’ pronouns. Theseare used to show that something belongs to someone – or to several people:
Subject Object Possessive
I me mine
you you yours
he him his
she her hers
it it its
we us ours
you(plural) you yours
they them theirs
Grammar Guidance. Avoid using a pronoun if itmakes the meaning of your sentence unclear. For example:
If the children don’t finishtheir chips, put them in the bin. Will the chips or the children end up in thebin?
Further Pronouns
Lots of different words can actas pronouns, and they have many different jobs-here just a few of them.
Relative Pronouns
The words ’that’, ’which’, ’who’,‘whom’ and ‘whose’ can be used as ‘relative pronouns’. These are words thatconnect two parts of a sentence and describe the relationship between the twoparts. For example:
This isthe boy who took my lolly.
Where isthe ball which I kickedover the fence?
Grammar Guidance.You can only use ‘who’ inrelation to people and ‘which’ in relation to animals or things. However, ingeneral, ‘that’ can be used foreither.
Reflexive Pronouns
The words ’myself’, “yourself’,’himself’, ’herself’, ’itself’,’ourselves’, ’yourselves’ are called reflexivepronouns. A reflexive pronounallows you to refer back to a person or thing thatyou have already mentioned.
Subject Reflexive Pronoun
I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
You use a reflexive pronoun when asentence has the same subject and object in it,like this:
I can lookafter myself.
In this sentence, I is the subject, myself is the object.
To Be Continue...
说说我的看法高级模式
