转：《How to Read Novel》学习笔记

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《怎样阅读英文小说》是英语精读课老师讲的内容，下面是我的学习笔记。（教师讲稿为英文，中文为我翻译，有错之处敬请指正）

How to read english stories or novel(怎样阅读英文短篇和小说）

一、we may acknowlege the following:（我们应该知道以下知识）

1.Short story and its features（短篇故事和它的特点）
2.Novel and its features（长篇和它的特点）
3.Types of stories and novels（故事和小说的类型）
4.How to read a novel（怎样阅读一篇小说）
5.Strategy for reading novels（阅读小说的策略）

1.A short story is a fictitious tale that is written to entertain, amuse, or instruct the reader. It depicts one character’s inner conflict or conflict with others. A short story generally produce a single, focused emotional and intellectual response to the reader.
一篇短篇是写来娱乐，愉快，和教育读者的虚构的故事。它描述了一个角色的内心冲突和别人之间的冲突。一篇短篇经常为读者带来独有的，感情独特的，和智慧的反应。
2.A novel is the same as a story, but it is longer and more complex, often with many characters and more than one story line. novels usually depict conflicts among many characters developed through a variety of episodes, stimulating a complexity of responses in the reader.
一篇长篇小说除了更长和更复杂些，是和短篇故事是一样的，经常有许多的角色和不止一个故事主线。长篇小说经常通过一系列情节发展，描述多个角色之间的冲突，激发读者更加复杂的反应。
3.Considering the subjects, themes, and art of the fictitious work, there are a variety of types:
Tales, fantasies, humor and satire, character studies, biography, history, education, religion, local color, etc.
考虑虚构故事的题材，主题，和艺术性，有许多种类型：叙述，幻想，幽默，讽刺，人物研究，传记，教育，宗教，乡土色彩等。
Reading novels is great for building your vocabulary and enhancing your own writing abilities. It’s also pleasant to pass the time.
读小说对建立你的词汇和提高你的写作能力是非常有益的。阅读小说也是令人愉悦的过程。
4.Step 1
Read the "blurbs" on the inside and outside covers of any book to familiarize yourself with the subject and the author of the novel.
首先要阅读书的扉面和扉页的简介来熟悉这篇小说的题材和作者。
Step2
Glance through the table of contents to determine how many chapters there are and how long each one will be, especially if you are reading for a class.
大概的看看内容目录，有多少章，还有每章有多长，尤其你为一个班读的时候。
Step3
Write a list of all the characters as they appear in the story since relatively unimportant characters often resurface at the end of the book. You can do this on the inside cover of the book or on a small card you use as a bookmark.
列一个所有人物的单子，当他们出现在故事中，因为相对不太重要的人物在书的最后经常重现。你可以在书皮里面和在你作为书签的小卡片上写这些东西。
Step4
Read with a highlighter or pen in hand, marking particularly interesting, important or repeated points. 读的时候拿上一个荧光笔或者一个钢笔，标记上非常有趣的，重要的或重复的观点。
Step5
Look for points at which the narrator is making some sort of evaluation or judgment about the characters. It's important to note whose "side" the narrator is on - it may not be the side you would take.
找到当叙述者对人物角色做某种评价和判断时的观点，记住作者站在谁的立场上，有可能这并不是你的立场，这是很重要的。
Step6
Pay attention to dialogue: characters reveal many things about themselves in their conversations with others.
注意对话：人物在和其他人物谈话中揭示关于他们自己的许多事情。
Step7
Make notes on what characters actually do in comparison to what they say. They may reveal their vices or virtues through actions that don‘t match their word
做小说中人物真实所作和所说的比较的笔记。他们可能通过言行不一揭示其优缺点。

5.Strategies for reading novels阅读小说时候的技巧

To understand a story or novel, you need to understand the six elements used by authors when they write a story or novel.
Characters Setting Time Problem Events Solution
要理解故事和小说，你需要理解作者写故事和小说的六个要素。人物，背景，时间，问题，事件，方法。
Characters and characterization (1)
人物和人物创造（1）
Characters are the first element to look for when reading a story or novel. Characters are most often people but can be animals or even fictionalized beings like those seen in cartoons or movies. The main character plays the biggest role and is often the first character to be introduced. Most often the story is seen through the eyes of the main character. Secondary characters play a smaller supporting role and are introduced throughout the story.
人物是我们读故事和小说时寻找的。人物角色大多经常是人，也肯能是动物或者像在卡通和电影中看到的虚构的东西。主要的角色经常扮演最大的角色和经常第一个被介绍的角色。经常故事是从主要人物角色那里看到的。次要角色扮演一个小的支持性的角色，在故事始终被介绍。
Characters and Characterization (2)
人物和人物创造（2）
The various techniques that create this powerful illusion of a person make up what we call characterization.
产生一个人的强大的幻想的各种手法构成了我们所谓的人物创造。
Physical description 身体描述
Dialogue对话
Physical actions 身体行为
Thoughts, or mental actions 思想和精神动作
Judgment by others 别人的判断
The narrator’s judgment 叙述者的判断
The author’s judgment 作者的判断

Setting 背景
The setting is the second element you should look for when reading a story or novel. The setting is the location where the story takes place.
背景是当阅读故事和小说时第二个要寻找的因素。背景是小说发生的地点
Time 时间
The time when the story takes place is the third element you should look for when reading a story or novel. A story may take place very recently or many years ago.
故事发生的时间是你在读故事或小说时第三个应该找的元素。
Problem 问题
The problem is the fourth element you should look for in a story or novel. The problem most often grows out of a conflict between the main character and another character in the story.
问题是你在故事和小说中第四个要找的要素。问题经常来源于故事中主要人物角色和其他角色的冲突。
Events 事件
Events are the fifth element you should look for when reading a story or novel. An event is an attempt at solving the problem in the story.
事件是你在读故事和小说时要找的第五个要素。事件是在故事中尝试解决问题的
Solution 解读方案
A solution is the sixth and final element in a story or novel. The solution is how the problem is resolved or brought to an end.
解决方案是在故事中第六个和最后的要素。解决方案是问题是怎样被解决或被带到最后。