颠狂柳絮随风舞,轻薄桃花逐水流。(杜甫)
故人西辞黄鹤楼,烟花三月下扬州。(李白)
柳树(特指垂柳Salix babylonica)原产于中国,在中国的历史上留下了大量的有关柳树和柳絮的诗词歌赋。
今天先不去探究这些诗词,先研究一下柳絮的问题。因为到了春天,漫天的柳絮像下雪一样真的让人爱恨交加。想用英语吐槽一下,突然发现柳絮怎么说都不会,有点憋屈。
有人说这不简单,上酸菜,哦不,上有道!
有道上明确的给出了解释,catkin,还给了例句:
柳絮在空中飞舞。
Willow catkins are fluttering in the air.
有道,《新汉英大辞典》
搁在以前,我就信了。不过,我上次已经查过了catkin,明明是花序的意思(见文章:杨树上长的毛毛虫)。
我的法宝,上维基百科,用willow去查维基百科,
The staminate (male) flowers are without either calyx or corolla; they consist simply of stamens, varying in number from two to 10, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is square, entire, and very hairy.
From wikipedia
指在这一段中提到了catkin(花序), scale(查有道农业科学:鳞片),指出这些鳞片是多毛的,并没有提到飞到空中的柳絮是怎么表达。
停顿了若干日,突然想到这个现象其实和蒲公英挺像的,为何不看看蒲公英的词条?
Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hairs, which enable wind-aided dispersal over long distances.
From wikipedia (Taraxacum)
发现了一个词汇pappus,用有道查一下,是冠毛。
再用冠毛去百度查一下,突然感觉豁然开朗了。例如:
抓一团柳絮仔细观察会发现里面有些小颗粒,那是柳树的种子,柳树就是靠柳絮的飞扬把种子传播到远处去的。飘飞的柳絮就是带着种毛的柳树种子.花叶已展开的 雌株 蒴果成熟开裂,露出柳絮.成熟开裂的蒴果中吐露带有冠毛(称柳絮)的种子靠风传播,种皮薄保水能力不佳,种子在极短的时间内要掉落水中发芽生长。
http://iask.sina.com.cn/b/544202.html
用英语willow和pappus去查询,得到了一篇文章,
Seed: Fertile female flowers form a 3/16 inch long pointed ovoid capsule, yellow-green at first, then reddish-brown, containing 12 to 15 very small seeds which have a hairy white pappus attached. These capsules split in two sections at maturity and the two sides curl backward in mid-summer to allow the seeds to be wind dispersed by means of their feathery pappus. Trees can start producing seed at 10 years of age. Seeds can germinate immediately.
from: http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/willow_black.html
这篇文章有比较好的讨论,列举了不同类型的pappus(http://wildflowerfinder.org.uk/Menu2/Miscellaneous/Miscellaneous_Info/Pappus_Info.htm)。从这篇文章中我学会了pappus的复数形式是pappi。
不敢说现在我已经完全搞清楚了,但至少心里有底了,碰到柳絮的时候,我可以比较放心的给孩子介绍
其实引文那个词源也挺好的。