The verb to pass usually implies movement of some sort and can sometimes cause confusion because it often means to move past.
For example,
The hunter passed by the deer without even seeing it.
Some people will mistakenly write a sentence like this as,
The hunter past by the deer without even seeing it.
In doing so, people confuse passed, which is a verb, with past, which is a noun or adverb. If you take a look at the second sentence, you will notice that there is no verb for the subject hunter because past is not a verb.
A good way to tell which word to use in sentences like these is to rewrite them using the present tense. For example, you would rewrite the above sentences as follows,
The hunter passes by the deer without even seeing it.
The hunter is passing by the deer without even seeing it.
However, you could write the following sentence,
The hunter walked past the deer without even seeing it.
In this case past is correctly being used. The verb in this sentence is walked and past is acting as an adverb.
Past as an Adverb
As an adverb, past means so as to pass by or go beyond.
He drove past us in his car.
The running back ran past the defensive line.
Past as a Preposition
As a preposition, past means beyond in position, further than. For example,
1. 动词(verb) + 介词(prepositional)
例:This plan will call for a lot of money.
2. 动词(verb) + 副词(adverb)
例:I will call up a friend.
3. 动词(verb) + 副词(adverb) + 介词(prepositional) 例:The company called their products back in for repairs.
(当然实际使用过程中,例如up, down, out, off 这些小品词究竟作为副词还是介词是可能模糊的,无需纠结,详细的解释可以参考 McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs 的前言,或者维基百科的 Phrasal verb 词条)
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之前贴的网站,那个人母语是英语,作家。
再搜了一下,下面这个和丈夫住在西班牙的加拿大出生的英语老师的看法和上面的作家是一样的。你试试把上面的那句---
In this case past is correctly being used. The verb in this sentence is walked and past is acting as an adverb.和下面英语老师的解释合起来看一下:
特征:(1)跟在动词后面构成一个phrasal verb,(2)动词+小品词的意思经常不是两词直接意思的相加[举例:fix up, turn down, figure out之类](不过phrasal verbs定义有差异,也有观点觉得不一定非要满足条件2才是phrasal verb),(3)如果后面有宾语,很多可以在一个句子中变换位置,即从动词后面转到宾语后面。比如I fixed up the car. 可变换成I fixed the car up. (小品词up变换了位置)。
2. 介词
特征:(1)后面通常连接代词或名词等, 如in the park, on the table, off the bed之类,(2)小品词与动词是一个组合,介词也可以组合来看,只是不是与动词,而是与后面连接的代词或名词等合在一起,构成prepositional phrase,表位置、方向、时间等,如上述in the park等就是这样一个phrase.(3)一个句子中,去掉prepositional phrase不影响句子主干,位置也可以变换,通常是换到句子最前。
二/区分办法:
例句A: I will call up a friend. (这是你给的) [这个up是副词,小品词]
例句B: He walked past my desk.(这是原句) [这个past是介词]
1. 看这个词能否换到宾语后头。如果能,就是小品词,但这个不是绝对的,有些副词小品词不行( 如put up with someone中的up),不过你给的这个句子中,call up这个词组恰好可以。I will call a friend up. I will call him/her/them up. 这样类似的表达,都是讲得通的(不过实际中,这个词组一般多用call somebody up的形式)。类似的还有I turned off my computer, I turned my computer off等。
相反,如果把He walked past my desk.改成He walked my desk past.这就明显不妥了。
2. 看这个词及后面的名词或代词能否换到句首。如果是介词,就可以。例句中He walked past my desk可变换成Past my desk he walked. 或者类似这样的句子:I ran down the street.替换成Down the street I ran. 都是可以的。这样的句子你应该不陌生,印象中国外早期很多老师和文字从业者都坚持介词短语要放前头,现在这种坚持慢慢少了。
相反,如果把I will call up a friend改成Up a friend I will call。这明显就讲不通了。
3. 没有宾语的这些up /down之类小词汇,基本都是副词小品词。诸如I sit down. You stand up. He walked by/past.
这里可以再类比一下。I drove down the street和Please sit down。这两个中,前一个down就是介词了,因为可改写为Down the street I drove.后面一个则是个副词小品词。
趁领导不在,我还是想再说一下之前我提过的一个很简单的办法来说明这里的past为什么不是副词。其实你就看这里就行了。感觉之前我写的太多了。
副词修饰动词时,删掉是不可能影响句子结构的。比如He walks slowly. He completely finished his job. 如果去掉副词,He walks. He finished his job.意思虽然不够完全,但句子都还是成立的。
但是,He walked past my desk.如果去掉介词past,就变成He walked my desk. 这里的walk显然是不及物动词,不可能直接和my desk放一块,中间缺少介词。反类比:He walked slowly past my desk. 这个句子中,slowly是副词,去掉没问题,因为He walked past my desk.还是一个讲得通的句子。