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2012-03-01

[阅读方法] P导谈引导提升孩子的阅读能力---如何提问题

P导谈引导提升孩子的阅读能力---讲座听后感中， P导提到了
4，在阅读中的提问技巧

其实呢，不仅仅是在阅读中，在其他很多时候，如何提问题是非常重要的一种技能。正好，前些日子找到一个网站

A Questioning Toolkit
是美国一个学区给老师的一个提问工具箱，仔细看看，对问题的分类，如何提问很有帮助，值得好好研究一下。现将这个网址放在这里，有兴趣去看了的家长，欢迎回来一起探讨。

Harvard Bsiness Review 中有一篇文章

How to Ask Better Questions 提到了几条规则，

They create clarity: "Can you explain more about this situation?"
They construct better working relations: Instead of "Did you make your sales goal?" ask, "How have sales been going?"
They help people think analytically and critically: "What are the consequences of going this route?"
They inspire people to reflect and see things in fresh, unpredictable ways: "Why did this work?"
They encourage breakthrough thinking: "Can that be done in any other way?"
They challenge assumptions: "What do you think you will lose if you start sharing responsibility for the implementation process?"
They create ownership of solutions: "Based on your experience, what do you suggest we do here?"

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# 提升 # 阅读 # 能力 # 如何

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high5

楼主 2012-3-1 15:26:29 使用道具

既然是谈阅读，提问就和阅读息息相关。就阅读的过程来讲，有阅读前，阅读中，和阅读后之分。那么，提问题，也可以按照阅读的这个过程来提不同的问题。

对于学习阅读的孩子来说，家长和孩子一起亲子阅读，在读书的过程中将阅读思维的过程教给孩子是相当重要的。这也就是上一篇中提到的： Thinking out loud. 也就是父母在阅读的时候，是如何一边读，一边提出问题，一边思考问题，如何和过去的背景知识做练习等等。

由Pressley and Afflerbach 1995 提出的，熟练阅读者在阅读中可以做到：

Are aware of why they are reading the text
Preview and make predictions
Read selectively
Make connections and associations with the text based on what they already know
Refine predictions and expectations
Use context to identify unfamiliar words
Reread and make notes
Evaluate the quality of the text
Review important points in the text
Consider how the information might be used in the future

他们在阅读中，不只是将文字字面的东西读出来，而是不断的就阅读的内容提出问题，就像P导在讲座中说的，这是一个过程，一个阅读流，一个问题套着一个问题，随着阅读的深入，旧的问题被解开，新的问题由不断的被提出来。比如：
"What is this story about?"
"What does the main character want?"
"Will she get it?" "If so, how?"

即便是读完了这本书，还会有问题提出来，
"What is the meaning of what I have read?"
"Why did the author end the paragraph (or chapter, or book) in this way?"
"What was the author's purpose in writing this?"

这种在阅读中不断的提问，阅读，寻找答案的过程，就是读者和书籍的作者之间的一种交流的过程。

Questions Before, During, and After Reading这篇文章，为我们进行阅读提问提供了一些可操作的问题实例。

阅读前：
"What clues does the title give me about the story?"
"Is this a real or imaginary story?"
"Why am I reading this?"
"What do I already know about___?"
"What predictions can I make?"

在阅读中，可以以章节为单位，或是自己挑选一些段落，在阅读过程中，可以提问：
"What do I understand from what I just read?"
"What is the main idea?"
"What picture is the author painting in my head?"
"Do I need to reread so that I understand?"

读完这一段落之后，再问：
"Which of my predictions were right? What information from the text tells me that I am correct?"
"What were the main ideas?"
"What connections can I make to the text? How do I feel about it?"

在亲子阅读中，父母最好做几次示范，将问题提出，然后在阅读中不断的调整，回答，提问，以达到理解，把握作者的意图，思考的目的。

想就这方面做进一步的了解，可以阅读原文。

high5

楼主 2012-3-1 15:26:41 使用道具

从阅读技巧这方面说，阅读技巧分成下面的8个方面，每个方面都有相应的问题来帮助孩子在阅读中思考：
http://www.mrscowan.com/readingstrategies.htm

1，预测的能力
Prediction: Good readers try to figure out what is going to happen next in the story.
看到一本书，书籍的封面告诉我们什么，书籍的题目再向我们展示什么，这会是一个什么样的故事呢？
在阅读过程中，推测下面会发生什么？

如何帮助孩子建立起这种预测的能力呢？可以试试这些问题：

1. What do you think the story will be about?

2. What is going to happen?

3. What makes you think that?

4. What clues helped you make that choice?

5. Why do you think that is going to happen?

6. How did you know that?

7. Look at the cover and pictures then make predictions.

8. Does it remind you of anything?

2，推测的能力
Inference: Good readers use clues from the story as well as their own background knowledge to make an inference or educated guess.

推测需要更高的思维能力。

帮助孩子建立起推测能力的问题：

1. What will happen next and why? Cite evidence from the story to back your answer.

2. What clues in the story led you to think that?

3. How do you think that character feels? Cite evidence from the story to back your answer.

4. What clues helped you make that choice?

5. Why did the author write this story?

注意到第二组问题和第一组问题的区别了吗？同样是问下面会发生什么，第一组之停留在未来会发生什么上，而第二组则要求进一步回答是什么内容，让孩子得出这样的结论。也就是说，需要孩子提供思路和证据。

3，和自己的背景知识和经验建立关联的能力
同样读一本书，如果有相关的背景知识，这本书就会变得相对容易的多。比如阅读英语的物理课本，物理专业的同学一定觉得很容易，而没有这方面背景知识的人读起来就如同读天书。在这点上，一方面是多建立自己的背景知识库，而另一方面，则是在阅读中建立起和自己原有背景知识不断联络的能力。
Making Connections – Good readers are able to connect what they are reading to experiences.

在这方面可以问的问题有：

1. What does the book remind you of?

2. What do you know about the book’s topic?

3. Does this book remind you of another book?

4，阅读理解，理清思路的能力

阅读中不是囫囵吞枣，迷迷糊糊的就读过去了。而是当有没有读懂的时候，应该转回去再读一遍。

Monitor/Clarify – Good readers reread a sentence when they do not understand it.

下面的这些问题，可以在和孩子阅读中问问孩子，是否明白了阅读的内容：

1. What is happening in the story?

2. Tell me what is going on.

3. What clues in the story have led you to think that?

4. What do you know that is similar to this story?

5，了解故事的中心和作者的意图

1. What is the main idea of the story?

2. What details support the main idea?

3. What do you know that is similar to this story?

4. Tell me about the story.

5. What else do you recall?

6，视觉化的能力

Visualizing – Good readers are able to create mind pictures and visualizations of what they read. The reader uses the text and their own prior experiences to create mental pictures of the story.

7，评价的能力

Evaluate – Good readers evaluate what they have read. They decide what they like or did not like about what they have read.

这方面的问题可以用：

1. Did you like the story?

2. What did you like about the story? What did you dislike? Why?

3. What does the story make you think about?

4. Does the story remind you of anything?

8，汇总总结的能力
这里包括复述故事，故事的大意，总结故事的重点等。
Summarize – Good readers are able to tell about what they have read in their own words. Good readers can clearly and accurately retell the story they have read to someone who has not read the story

这方面的问题可以用：

1. What was the story about?

2. Tell me what happens in the story.

3. What happens in the beginning? Middle? End?

4. Who are the characters in the story?

5. What is the problem?

6. How do the characters solve the problem?

high5

楼主 2012-3-1 15:27:30 使用道具

P导在谈到提问技巧时，专门提到了QARs，即：question answer relationships。

问题和回答之间的关系。
各种问题被分成四个层次或是等级，由易到难。每个等级中有不同的问题。要想知道是什么问题，请到这里观看。

鱼在云上飞

2012-3-2 13:08:17 使用道具

学习了{:soso_e112:}

high5

楼主 2012-3-3 12:58:58 使用道具

来个实例吧，绘本 The Ugly Duckling

Discussion topics for before reading:
•	Has anyone ever had a duck for a pet?
•	Does anyone have a pet? If so, what is it? What is your pet's name?
•	Has anyone ever seen the hatching of a mother duck's eggs? Vocabulary Selection:
•	CURIOUS = eager to learn or know; inquisitive. arousing or exciting speculation, interest, or attention.
•	GEESE = a plural of goose.
•	HERON = any of numerous long-legged, long-necked, usually long-billed bird.
•	UNIQUE = existing as the only one or as the sole example; single; solitary in type or characteristics. Having no like or equal; unparalleled; incomparable.
•	PECKED = to strike or indent with the beak, as a bird does, or with some pointed instrument, especially with quick, repeated movements.
•	ENVIRONMENT -- the air, water, minerals, organisms, and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time. The social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or a population.

Discussion topics for during/after reading:
•	Why do the other birds make fun of the ugly duckling?
•	Why is the ugly duckling afraid to show his face to the swans?
•	At the end of the story, the ugly duckling decides “to be kind to all living things, from peacocks to potato bugs.” Why?
•	Who was kind and who was mean to the ugly duckling?
•	Does being a beautiful swan mean that the ugly duckling will be happy?
•	What are the main messages or themes in this fairy tale?
•	Is this story just for children?