在图示上,有两种方式:这第二张图说的是从学龄前学就学第二外语的情况。是无花果树的模式。无花果树没有根,长在另一棵树上(母语)。无花果树有自己的树干和枝干,它有可能最终超过(may eventually overshadow) 第一棵树。但在它成熟之前,两棵树(两种语言)是互相缠绕地发展的。
这第三幅图,是在描述在学校学习第二外语的情况——嫁接。在第一语言的树上嫁接出第二语言的枝干。嫁接出来的第二语言没有根也没有树干。但是,作者认为,这嫁接的部分也能很容易地达到第一语言的高度,甚至可以超过母树。(can easily attain the strength and stature of the first language branches, and, in fact, may even overshadow the "native" branches)
The Forum explores whether it make a difference to a child’s development if they speak one language at home and another at school, how the brain is affected by juggling between different languages and what effect being bi-lingual or multilingual has on the way people feel about their identity? Bridget Kendall talks to writer and academic Gustavo Perez Firmat, developmental linguistics academic Antonella Sorace, and cognitive neuroscientist Ellen Bialystok.
Illustration by Shan Pillay Gustavo Pérez Firmat
[size=0.875]Gustavo Pérez Firmat was born in Havana, Cuba, and raised in Miami, Florida. He is currently the David Feinson Professor in the Humanities, Department of Latin American and Iberian Cultures at Columbia University and author of many books of prose and poetry, including Bilingual Blues, The Havana Habit and Next Year in Cuba, a memoir of life at home and in exile. He most recent book: A Cuban in Mayberry is published October 1st 2014. He says that when writing and speaking in two different languages he often asks himself, "in which language am I most truly myself?"
Antonella Sorace
[size=0.875]Antonella Sorace is professor of developmental linguistics at Edinburgh University and director of the online information service Bilingualism Matters, which aims to benefit children from speaking more than one language. Her work looks at the effects of bilingualism over a lifespan, on the effects of learning a new language in early and late childhood, as well as the changes that take place in the native language of advanced language speakers. She says that children exposed to different languages become more aware of different cultures, other people and other points of view. But they also tend to be better than monolinguals at ‘multitasking’ and focusing attention, they often are more precocious readers, and generally find it easier to learn other languages.
Ellen Bialystok
[size=0.875]
Ellen Bialystok is distinguished research professor of psychology at York University, Toronto and Associate Scientist at The Rotman Research Institute of the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto.
Her current work looks at the effects on the brain of older people who regularly use two languages. This appears to have an effect on the part of the brain called the Executive Control System (the part of the brain responsible for focus and task management) with particular benefit for people with Alzheimer’s disease. She says that the brain, contrary to popular opinion, does not have an on/off switch when it comes to language and so it has to find a way of dealing with one language when it works in another. This causes hyper-stimulation of the Executive Control System and appears to have the effect of delaying the symptoms of dementia amongst bilingual speakers.
Sixty Second Idea to Improve The World
[size=0.875]Antonella Sorace proposes a Pre-natal Language Belt to give babies a head start at learning languages before they’re even born.
Research shows that new-borns who hear more than one language in the womb come into the world with a greater sensitivity to these languages. Babies don’t confuse languages, though: they can keep their different rhythms apart.
Maternity hospitals could give expectant mothers a ‘prenatal language belt’ – a version of existing prenatal music belts. But instead of playing music they would play songs, lullabies and short stories in a language that’s different from their parents. Mothers would wear these belts a certain percentage of time every day and babies would be ‘primed’ for bilingualism even before they’re born.
Isn’t it remarkable that everyday objects, especially those made from modern plastics, can bend, squash, stretch, and generally ‘shape-shift’ in a number of ways? So how is that possible? Bridget Kendall and guests consider plasticity from several viewpoints: Aurora Robson is an artist who works with plastic garbage, Sujata Kundu a nanochemist who analyses plasticity at the level of atoms and electrons, and Takao Hensch a neuroscientist investigating whether it's possible to recreate youth-like plasticity in an adult brain.
Takao Hensch
[size=0.875]Takao Hensch is joint professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School at Boston Children’s Hospital, and professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard’s Center for Brain Science. His research focuses on critical periods in brain development. By applying cellular and molecular biology techniques to neural systems, his lab identified pivotal inhibitory circuits that orchestrate structural and functional rewiring of connections in response to early sensory experience.
to 独立思考
看了楼主对你的点评,现在你应该明白什么叫鸡同鸭讲了吧,对“鸡同鸭讲”本身的理解就不在一个频道上,就是鸡同鸭讲。你就不要再努力建议谁怎么思考了问题了。
或许大家并不在意这些,只在意能从中找到一点蛛丝马迹,可以为自己打点鸡血,当同龄人还在为英语苦恼的时候,这里已经不是菜了,这里关心的是超越母150%、200%的问题。
注意“超越”这个词汇,什么叫超越,去百度一下。
这本书那里买的,看着挺不错。
就英语来说,这本书用的语言很简答。比语言学著作简单的太多了。
语言学专业著作,有很多专业术语,也不给你解释,这本书针对家长和外行,用语简单。