说说我的看法高级模式
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本帖最后由 千眠 于 2011-12-30 12:54 编辑
这个帖子的伊始，列举了新加坡人的英语和华语，作为了双语学习中的其中一面镜子，因为说得不甚清楚，造成不少回帖纠缠在此。
其实新加坡人的语言变化，我觉得还是很有参考意义的，下面说说我对新加坡华语的衍变的一些想法，说之前，只好先介绍新加坡华语，以下是维基百科对新加坡华语的介绍（抱歉介绍有点长。没耐心的，其实可以看看例子对比就好）：
SingdarinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Sindarin or Singaporean Mandarin.
Singdarin / Singnese新加坡式华语 / 新加坡式華語 xīnjiāpō huáyǔ
新加坡本土华语 / 新加坡本土華語xīnjiāpō běntǔ huáyǔ
星式中文 xīngshì zhōngwénSpoken inSingapore Native speakersno statistics yet (date missing) Sino-Tibetan
Language codesNone
Life in Singapore[url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template
ife_in_Singapore&action=edit]edit box[/url]
Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, also known as Singdarin (simplified Chinese: 新加坡式华语; traditional Chinese: 新加坡式華語; pinyin: Xīnjiāpōshì Huáyǔ)[1] is an interlanguage native to Singapore. In Taiwan, this language variety is known as Singnese (Chinese: 星式中文; pinyin: Xīngshì Zhōngwén).[2] It is based on Mandarin but has a large amount of English in its vocabulary. For this reason, Singdarin is sometimes known as "Anglo-Chinese". There were also words from Malay and other Chinese languages.[3]Singdarin is the first language of quite a number of younger Singaporeans,[citation needed] especially those whose parents speak different languages at home. Singdarin is spoken colloquially on streets and among teenagers in Singapore.[citation needed] In general, well-educated Chinese Singaporeans are able to code-switch between Singdarin and Standard Mandarin.Singdarin grammar is usually identical to Chinese Mandarin. In some circumstances, there is code-switching with English.[citation needed] Singdarin vocabulary consists of a large number of words from English, Hokkien, and Malay, among other languages, often when speakers do not know the Mandarin equivalent of what they wish to express, and instead use English words to convey the meaning.Native Chinese from China or native Taiwanese from Taiwan generally find it difficult to understand Singdarin due to large number of English or Non-Mandarin words used. The Singaporean government currently discourages the use of Singdarin in favour of Standard Singaporean Mandarin as it believes in the need for Singaporeans to be able to communicate effectively with the other native Chinese from China or Taiwan.Contents [hide]
OriginsLike its Singlish equivalent, Singdarin evolved because many Singaporean-Chinese families come from mixed language environments. For instance, children may be raised in households in which one parent speaks English while the other speaks Chinese.Singdarin has also evolved largely because Singapore is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual society. One of the most important policies of the Singaporean government is to ensure social and multi-ethnic harmony. Therefore, instead of letting certain ethnic groups to live in an isolated community like they did in the past, the Singapore government encourages the majority of Singaporeans to live in HDB flats that have now become a melting pot of Chinese, Malays, Indians and other different ethnicity who speak different languages. This is believed to reduce differences between the diverse linguistic and ethnic groups in Singapore.As the majority of Singaporeans live in HDB flats, which have families coming from various linguistic, racial and ethnic background, there is a tendency for different languages to be mixed in order to facilitate more effective communication between the different races. In short, it leads to the creation of a hybrid culture (known colloquially as a "rojak" culture).This and the tendency for the Singaporean Chinese people to use the mixed language that they use at home in daily colloqual conversation has since influenced the Mandarin spoken in schools, resulting in "Singdarin" being formed. It was in this environment that Singdarin was formed.Examples of Singdarin (Anglo-Chinese) dialogueBelow are some examples of Singdarin dialogue spoken amongst some Chinese Singaporeans.Singdarin (Anglo-Chinese) dialogue English translation Standard Mandarin 你的(nǐde) office 在(zài) 哪里(nǎlǐ) ？ Where is your office? 您的办公室在哪里？ Raffles Place. 很(hěn) 靠近(kàojìn) MRT.1 Raffles Place, located near the MRT station. 莱佛士坊，离地铁站不远处 你(nǐ) 在(zài) 那里(nàlǐ) work 多久(duōjiǔ) 了(le)？ How long have you been working there? 你在那里工作多久了？ 不(bù) 太(tài) 久(jiǔ) Six months. 我(wǒ) 想(xiǎng) find another job. Not long ago, 6 months, I'm thinking of finding another job. 不太久，六个月，我想找一份新的工作 Maybe 明年(míngnián) when 我(wǒ) complete 我的(wǒde) accounting course Maybe next year when I complete my accounting course 可能明年，当我完成我的会计课程 But 我(wǒ) 要(yào) 去(qù) 吃饭(chīfàn) But I'm going for my dinner 不过我要去吃饭
1 Usually the word 'station' is omitted.English loanwordsThe following are the common English loan words used in Singdarin.English loanwords Standard Mandarin words Examples of usage But 不过/但是 But 他很聪明的！ (But he's very clever!) Then 然后 Then, 他就來了！ (Then he comes!) Actually 其实 Actually, 我本来要去的！ (Actually, I wanted to go there!) Share 共用/分/分享 呃! 蛋糕可以跟我share吗？ (Can you share your cake with me?) Blur 搞不清楚状况/模糊不清 你知道吗？他弄到我很blur! (Do you know he makes me very blur?) Anyway/Anyhow 无论如何/不管怎样 Anyway, 我都会去! (Anyway, I will go!) That's why 所以 That's why 我很讨厌他! (That's why I hate him!)
Loanwords from other languagesJust like Singlish, certain words used in Singlish are also interchangeably used in Singdarin.Loanwords Standard Mandarin words Definition Notes Example of usage be tahan 受不了 cannot tolerate formed by combination of Hokkien word "beh 袂" (cannot) and Malay word "tahan" (tolerate) 哇！袂 tahan 咧! (wa, be tahan leh) [wow, cannot tolerate it leh] sibeh 非常 very/damn originate from Teochew and has the general meaning of 'damn'. sibeh 显！[very boring] walau eh 我的天啊！ my gosh/oh my god originate from Singaporean Hokkien vulgar word "gua lan eh 我老呃" (literally 'my father's (dick)'). "wa lau eh" is a more polite variant of it. walau eh, 你怎么可以这样？ [my god, how can you be like that?] guai lan 令人讨厌的家伙 annoying/irritating person originate from Singaporean Hokkien vulgar word "guai lan 怪膦" (literally 'strange dick'). 他sibeh guai lan的! [he is an annoying person!] sua ku 井底之蛙 someone who has not been exposed to the society and is not well-informed about many things from Hokkien word "suaku 山龟" (literally "tortoise on the mountain") 这个人很sua ku! [this guy is a tortoise on the mountain] salah 错/坏掉了 incorrect/something went wrong from Malay 电脑salah了 ! [something went wrong on computer] ulu 偏僻 remote from Malay 这个地方这么 ulu ，连个人影都没有! [that place is very remote, not a single person around!] terok 麻烦/困难 troublesome from Malay 那位顾客sibeh terok! [that customer is very troublesome!]
Usage of English technical termsSince English is the main working and educational language of Singapore, many Chinese Singaporeans are more familiar with the English professional terminology (technical terms) used at work, rather than that of Mandarin. This led to many Chinese Singaporeans tending to mix large number of English professional terms into Mandarin at work, instead of using Chinese technical terms. As such, a form of Singdarin spoken at work appears, resulting in some degree of communication barrier at work between the Chinese Singaporeans and the Chinese from China or Taiwan.Comparison between Singdarin spoken at work in Singapore and Mandarin spoken at work in China is shown below:Singdarin spoken at work in Singapore [4] Mandarin spoken at work in China[5] English translation 你的cable tray 要从 ceiling 上走。 你的电线桥架要在吊顶天花板上铺设。 Your cable tray needs to be lined up along the ceiling Server room 里面的 fire sprinkler 拆了，你们的 fire department 会allow吗？ 机房里面的消防喷淋拆了，你们的消防部门会批准吗？ If you dismantle the fire sprinkler inside the server room, will the fire department approve it?
Other terms associated with SingdarinThis article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (June 2011)
There are other terms associated with Singdarin such as "Broken Chinese", "Half-bucket" (半桶水） or "Half-past Six Chinese". These are the terms used by Singapore's Chinese language professionals to refer to the mediocre (or low) proficiency level of Mandarin language amongst certain Chinese Singaporeans. The terms describe that when measured against the 100% Standard Mandarin, certain Chinese Singaporeans are only 50-65% proficient in the Mandarin language.Part of the reasons for these could be due to the widespread use of Singdarin in Singapore. Singdarin has led to the impression of "broken Chinese" or "bad Chinese", and is generally considered to be an adulterated form of Mandarin language. Speaking Singdarin is a natural linguistic habit derived from speaking a mixed language in the daily life of Singaporeans. However, the lower proficiency in Mandarin Chinese was mainly due to a lack of practice and exposure to more proper Chinese language, a lack of practice in speaking, hearing, reading and writing Chinese. This further led to a limited Chinese vocabulary or knowledge on Chinese cultural subjects, thus making it difficult for Singdarin speakers to speak pure Mandarin fluently. Singdarin speakers will generally find it difficult to communicate (at a higher level) if they were to communicate with native Chinese from China or Taiwan.See also- Chinese Singaporean
- Singaporean Mandarin
- Singlish
- Standard Singaporean Mandarin
- Singaporean Hokkien
- Hokkien influence on Singaporean Mandarin
- Languages of Singapore
References- ^ "中文·外来语来聚"掺"". 《三联生活周刊》. http://travel.163.com/06/0711/11/2LOEI16K00061Q2M.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ 顧長永 (Gu Changyong) (2006/07/25). 《新加坡: 蛻變的四十年》 (Singapore: The Changing Forty Years). Taiwan: 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. pp. 54. ISBN 978-957-11-4398-9.
- ^ "重视新加坡本土华语的文化意义 (Attending to the cultural significance of Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin)". 華語橋 (Huayuqiao). http://www.huayuqiao.org/articles/zhouzhaocheng/zhouzc01.htm. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "新加坡式华语". 《联合早报网》. http://bbs.gd.gov.cn/thread-200238-1-1.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ "新加坡式华语". 《联合早报网》. http://bbs.gd.gov.cn/thread-200238-1-1.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
External links- Video Example of Singdarin
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千眠想法：我看新加坡华语的例子的时候，心里是有感触的。我对这种语言的衍变和产生是有感觉的。
先说说澳大利亚的一种购物习惯，曾经有很长的时间，澳洲由工党执政，工会力量大的不行，为了人性化，让大家都在适合的时间下班，结果很多可以购物的商店都是9-5,9-6的开门时间，也就是说大多数人下了班，什么都买不到了，总不能都请假购物吧，于是产生了一个妥协式的政策，每星期四晚上，可以开放NIGHT SHOPPING。
这个星期四的NIGHT SHOPPING成为了惯例的时候，用任何中文翻译，都很难简单直接到位，于是澳洲的华人对话的时候，很容易会
说：这个星期，你去NIGHT SHOPPING吗？
答：去啊，一起去CHATSWOOD（区名） NIGHT SHOPPING好不好？
这种对话就和新加坡的华语很像，地方名是最难翻译到位的，直接用英语代表最方便，有的词用中文翻译不方便，也用代词，反正大家都能听懂，大家都交流得挺方便。
NIGHT SHOPPING只是我顺手拈来的一个例子，在实际生活中，其实稍不注意，就会使用越来越多的代词，到后来，在自己的不知不觉之中，自己的中文变成了半桶水中文。
……
于是，这么混了几年后，我第一次回国内的时候，被妈妈批评得厉害，怎么几年下来就得说这种不咸不淡的华语了，你说这种话，为什么呢？……
给我妈妈骂得那叫一个狗血淋头。
之后我重新的思考了我的语言习惯，从此，我重新的调整了我说话的习惯，因为有中文的底子在，调整是很容易的，我尽量的保持了我中文表达的完整性，因为我爱护了自己的中文，结果我的中文表达能力，至少在我自己看来，还是很不错的。
上文中提到的NIGHT SHOPPING 其实是不得不的政策，对购物者来说只有一个晚上可以购物是很不方便的，对商家来说，更是难受，给了店租金，给了工资，但绝大多数时间，没有人来购物，是为了人性化造成的不人性化，后来被商家们一再申请不同的开发政策，结果逐渐开放了商店的开门时间，星期四NIGHT SHOPPING迅速成为历史了；
这个世界什么都在变化中，在地球村的年代，语言的变化尤为厉害。
认识更多的语言，好处可以丰富原来的语言和文化，坏处是如果不注意保护文化，不保护语言的完整性，那么将会产生的类似新加坡华语之类的混成一碟的语言，这种语言，至少从文学性来看，是不优美的；
在语言的碰撞中，如何保留双方的完整性，用对方的优点丰富原来的语言，而不是破坏原来的语言，那是我们在一边学习中，一边需要思考的问题。
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grapeputao2003 发表于 2011-12-20 10:05
这让我想起奥运期间的故事，我们的学生在服务奥运期间获得了英语自信，因为很多非英语国家的人们的英语远远 ...
唉，我有句话可能很多人听了会不高兴——中国有世界上最多的笨蛋！！！
你
不
高
兴
了
吗
？
如果是，就请直面现实吧：
中国人口世界最多。人种笨蛋的比例通常是差不多的，所以中国可以用最大的人口基数，收获世界最多的笨蛋。
中国学生有必要通过奥运来获得自信吗？
想一下我们的人口基数，对英语的渴求程度，看一下现在学英语白热化的状态，唉！
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千眠 发表于 2011-12-21 09:48
我和你的想法很一致，孩子也是一年级学校提供的外教英语课程才开始接触英语（有一年的课本连字母都没有， ...
第一段话我赞成。
神奇英语家教法那本书也是这样学英语的，7岁英语启蒙的效果是很神奇啊。
但对外教的那一段，我觉得不对。我看过youtube上面外国老师给小孩上语法课，那是建立在孩子是native speaker，已经有了很多单词量、理解力的基础上的，的确是用ppt表现最高、中等、最矮，没发现孩子听不懂的。
对根本就听不懂的中国孩子讲比较级，根本是拔苗助长，已经违背了语言学习循序渐进的规律，是在大干快上了，还是大班上课，效果不好太正常了。所以我不喜欢各种培训班，不如我自己来，至少知道自己的小孩没被拉着头发抻着长。以后我自己能力有限有些事做不好，就考虑找一对一的外教，让老师来教。到时候小孩的英语能力也差不多到了，绝对比让中教用中文当拐棍儿好太多了。
有段时间没来这里了，没想到居然这么有意思的话题，真不错！
我仍然强调个体差异，每个家庭都有自己独特的情况，即使外人看来相同，但是绝对有不为人知的、也不自知的一些因素，所以一定要考量这方面的因素。或许有些家庭适合双语，或许有些家庭致力于双语，但是对于普罗大众来说，不先学好母语和母国的文化无异于舍本逐末。
我能体会当下许多爸爸妈妈的苦心，希望孩子出人头地，或许外语学习不失为一条捷径，学好了即便捷径没有了，知道一些外语也不亏。但是，考量一下时间和精力的沉没成本，是不是亏，也要具体分析。如若为了外语勉强学习，弄得家庭不睦、孩子痛苦，那就是得不偿失。更不要成了那些以企业经营为标杆的培训机构窃笑的“鱼肉”。
这个帖子里面还蕴含着另外一个话题，语言教育究竟为的是什么？学好中文，为的是什么？学好外语，为的是什么？这是隐藏在双语教育的困惑之后的千眠的疑问，不知千眠是否认同我的推测？
我先提供我的想法。语言教育为的是传承文化。语言学习学的是文化，文化之于个体的“我（ego）”来说，承载的内容是独一无二的，一个中国人只要接受的是传统的中文教育，无论今后的外语影响如何强大，他始终是中国文化的承载媒介，无他，如那些诺贝尔奖的华裔得主。如果一个中国人在国外出生长大，接受的是国外公立学校的教育，就有大概率是该国文化的载体，例如ABC。一个出生在巴西的日裔，即便他日语口语很好，他一样是拉丁文化的载体。或许有个案，例如秘鲁的藤森，犯了事，跑回日本，放弃本国国籍去申请日本籍寻求庇护。这位墙头草究竟是哪国文化的载体，我不知，但绝不是我们学习的榜样。
那么，我希望我的孩子怎么样呢，是哪一个文化的载体？孩子现在都几岁了，估计不能像出租车那样，卸下一个装上另外一个。既然如此，让他好好地承载、传承母国的文化，取其精华去其糟粕，然后有着欣赏另一种思维的能力，是不是更现实一些？
我不认为光是学好外语就拥有了谋生的手段，那是形而上学式的管中窥豹。一个有着强大文化背景和精神力量的个体，才具有真正的自信。这是单纯为学语言而学语言的个体所无法达到的。